AccScience Publishing / IJOSI / Volume 7 / Issue 7 / DOI: 10.6977/IJoSI.202309_7(7).003
Cite this article
6
Download
146
Citations
688
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
News and Announcements
View All
ARTICLE

Dynamic hand gesture tracking and recognition: Survey of different phases

Shweta Saboo1* Joyeeta Singha2
Show Less
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA
2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The LNMIIT, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA
Submitted: 30 November 2022 | Revised: 24 August 2023 | Accepted: 1 September 2023 | Published: 25 September 2023
© 2023 by the Author(s). Licensee AccScience Publishing, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Abstract

Hand gesture plays an important role in controlling various appliances and gadgets nowadays. Recognition of proper gestures with the help of multiple techniques is vital for the hardware interfaced with it. Work has been done on various steps of the process of hand gesture recognition. Starting with video acquisition and pre-processing, hand detection and tracking, and feature extraction finally lead to classification and recognition. This paper provides a detailed review of state-of-art techniques used in recent hand gesture recognition techniques. We have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques and the reason behind moving to another method. It is hoped that this study might provide researchers with a comprehensive descriptionof the hand gesture recognition techniques thatmay help in pattern recognition, computer vision, and artificial intelligence.

Keywords
Computer vision
Hand Gesture
Hand Gesture Dataset
Hand Tracking
Machine learning
Recognition
References
  1. Bamwenda, J., & Özerdem, M. S. (2019). Static hand gesture recognition system using artificial neural networks and support vector machine. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 10(2), 561-568.
  2. Beh, J., Han, D., & Ko, H. (2014). Rule-based trajectory segmentation for modeling hand motion trajectory. Pattern Recognition, 47(4), 1586-1601.
  3. Benitez-Garcia, G., Prudente-Tixteco, L., Castro-Madrid, L. C., Toscano-Medina, R., Olivares-Mercado, J., Sanchez-Perez, G., & Villalba, L. J. G. (2021). Improving real-time hand gesture recognition with semantic segmentation. Sensors, 21(2), 356.
  4. Bhuyan, M. K., Ajay Kumar, D., MacDorman, K. F., & Iwahori, Y. (2014). A novel set of features for continuous hand gesture recognition. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 8, 333-343.
  5. Bhuyan, M. K., Bora, P. K., & Ghosh, D. (2008). Trajectory guided recognition of hand gestures having only global motions. World Academy of science, engineering, and technology, 21, 753-764.
  6. Bhuyan, M. K., Ghoah, D., & Bora, P. K. (2006, September). A framework for hand gesture recognition with applications to sign language. In 2006 Annual IEEE India Conference (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  7. Bhuyan, M. K., Ghosh, D., & Bora, P. K. (2006, June). Feature extraction from 2D gesture trajectory in dynamic hand gesture recognition. In 2006 IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  8. Binh, N. D., Shuichi, E., & Ejima, T. (2005). Real-time hand tracking and gesture recognition system. Proc. GVIP, 19-21.
  9. Bishop, C. M. (1995). Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford University Press.
  10. Black, M. J., & Jepson, A. D. (1998). Eigentracking: Robust matching and tracking of articulated objects using a view-based representation. International Journal of Computer Vision, 26, 63-84.
  11. Blake, A., North, B., & Isard, M. (1998). Learning multi-class dynamics. Advances in neural information processing systems, 11.
  12. Bradski, G. R. (1998, October). Real time face and object tracking as a component of a perceptual user interface. In Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. WACV'98 (Cat. No. 98EX201) (pp. 214-219). IEEE.
  13. Bradski, G., & Kaehler, A. (2008). Learning OpenCV: Computer vision with the OpenCV library. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
  14. Burger, T., Aran, O., Urankar, A., Caplier, A., & Akarun, L. (2008). A Dempster-Shafer theory based combination of classifiers for hand gesture recognition. In Computer Vision and Computer Graphics. Theory and Applications: International Conference VISIGRAPP 2007, Barcelona, Spain, March 8-11, 2007. Revised Selected Papers (pp. 137-150). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  15. Cen, M., & Jung, C. (2017). Complex form of local orientation plane for visual object tracking. IEEE Access, 5, 21597-21604.
  16. Chai, D., & Ngan, K. N. (1998, April). Locating facial region of a head-and-shoulders color image. In Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 124-129). IEEE.
  17. Charniak, E. (1993). Statistical language learning MIT Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar Digital Library Digital Library.
  18. Chaudhurya, S., Banerjeeb, S., Ramamoorthya, A., & Vaswania, N. (2000). Recognition of dynamic hand gestures. The Journal of The Pattern Recognition Society. Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Computer Science Engineering, IIT Delhi.
  19. Chen, F. S., Fu, C. M., & Huang, C. L. (2003). Hand gesture recognition using a real-time tracking method and hidden Markov models. Image and vision computing, 21(8), 745-758.
  20. Chen, Q., & Zhu, F. (2018, July). Long term hand tracking with proposal selection. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  21. Chen, X., & Koskela, M. (2015). Skeleton-based action recognition with extreme learning machines. Neurocomputing, 149, 387-396.
  22. Choudhury, A., Talukdar, A. K., Sarma, K. K., & Bhuyan, M. K. (2021). An adaptive thresholding-based movement epenthesis detection technique using hybrid feature set for continuous fingerspelling recognition. SN Computer Science, 2, 1-21.
  23. Comaniciu, D., Ramesh, V., & Meer, P. (2003). Kernel-based object tracking. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 25(5), 564-577.
  24. Corradini, A. (2002, May). Real-time gesture recognition by means of hybrid recognizers. In Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction: International Gesture Workshop, GW 2001 London, UK, April 18–20, 2001 Revised Papers (pp. 34-47). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  25. Cutler, R., & Turk, M. (1998, April). View-based interpretation of real-time optical flow for gesture recognition. In Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 416-421). IEEE.
  26. Dardas, N. H., & Georganas, N. D. (2011). Real-time hand gesture detection and recognition using bag-of-features and support vector machine techniques. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 60(11), 3592-3607.
  27. Davis, J., & Shah, M. (1994). Recognizing hand gestures. In Computer Vision—ECCV'94: Third European Conference on Computer Vision Stockholm, Sweden, May 2–6, 1994 Proceedings, Volume I 3 (pp. 331-340). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  28. Dinh, T. B., Dang, V. B., Duong, D. A., Nguyen, T. T., & Le, D. D. (2006, February). Hand gesture classification using boosted cascade of classifiers. In 2006 International Conference onResearch, Innovation and Vision for the Future (pp. 139-144). IEEE.
  29. Dominio, F., Donadeo, M., & Zanuttigh, P. (2014). Combining multiple depth-based descriptors for hand gesture recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 50, 101-111.
  30. Elmezain, M., Al-Hamadi, A., & Michaelis, B. (2009). Hand gesture recognition based on combined features extraction. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3(12), 2389-2394.
  31. Elmezain, M., Al-Hamadi, A., Appenrodt, J., & Michaelis, B. (2008, December). A hidden Markov model-based continuous gesture recognition system for hand motion trajectory. In 2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  32. Fang, Y., Wang, K., Cheng, J., & Lu, H. (2007, July). A real-time hand gesture recognition method. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (pp. 995-998). IEEE.
  33. Ge, S. S., Yang, Y., & Lee, T. H. (2008). Hand gesture recognition and tracking based on distributed locally linear embedding. Image and Vision Computing, 26(12), 1607-1620.
  34. Gopalan, R., & Dariush, B. (2009, October). Toward a vision based hand gesture interface for robotic grasping. In 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (pp. 1452-1459). IEEE.
  35. Guo, J. M., Liu, Y. F., Chang, C. H., & Nguyen, H. S. (2011). Improved hand tracking system. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 22(5), 693-701.
  36. Haykin, S. (2009). Neural networks and learning machines, 3/E. Pearson Education India.
  37. Heap, T., & Hogg, D. (1996, October). Towards 3D hand tracking using a deformable model. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 140-145). IEEE.
  38. Heenaye-Mamode Khan, M., Ittoo, N., & Coder, B. K. (2019). Hand Gestures Categorisation and Recognition. In Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications: Proceedings of Fifth International Conference INDIA 2018 Volume 2 (pp. 295-304). Springer Singapore.
  39. Hong, P., Turk, M., & Huang, T. S. (2000, March). Gesture modeling and recognition using finite state machines. In Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580) (pp. 410-415). IEEE.
  40. Hsieh, C. T., Yeh, C. H., Hung, K. M., Chen, L. M., & Ke, C. Y. (2012, June). A real time hand gesture recognition system based on DFT and SVM. In 2012 8th International Conference on Information Science and Digital Content Technology (ICIDT2012) (Vol. 3, pp. 490-494). IEEE.
  41. Hsu, C. W., & Lin, C. J. (2002). A comparison of methods for multiclass support vector machines. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13(2), 415-425.
  42. Huang, S., & Hong, J. (2011, April). Moving object tracking system based on camshift and Kalman filter. In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet) (pp. 1423-1426). IEEE.
  43. Imagawa, K., Lu, S., & Igi, S. (1998, April). Color-based hands tracking system for sign language recognition.In Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 462-467). IEEE.
  44. Isard, M., & Blake, A. (1998). CONDENSATION--conditional density propagation for visual tracking. International journal of computer vision, 29(1), 5.
  45. Isard, M., & Blake, A. (1998, January). A mixed-state condensation tracker with automatic model-switching. In Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36271) (pp. 107-112). IEEE.
  46. Jepson, A. D., Fleet, D. J., & El-Maraghi, T. F. (2003). Robust online appearance models for visual tracking. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 25(10), 1296-1311.
  47. Just, A., & Marcel, S. (2009). A comparative study of two state-of-the-art sequence processing techniques for hand gesture recognition. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 113(4), 532-543.
  48. Kang, S., & Park, S. (2009). A fusion neural network classifier for image classification. Pattern Recognition Letters, 30(9), 789-793.
  49. Kao, C. Y., & Fahn, C. S. (2011). A human-machine interaction technique: hand gesture recognition based on hidden Markov models with trajectory of hand motion. Procedia Engineering, 15, 3739-3743.
  50. Kaur, S., & Nair, N. (2018, January). Electronic Device Control Using Hand Gesture Recognition System for Differently Abled. In 2018 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence) (pp. 371-375). IEEE.
  51. Kim, I. C., & Chien, S. I. (2001). Analysis of 3D hand trajectory gestures using stroke-based composite hidden Markov models. Applied Intelligence, 15, 131-143.
  52. Koh, E., Won, J., & Bae, C. (2009, May). On-premise skin color modeling method for vision-based hand tracking. In 2009 IEEE 13th International Symposium on consumer electronics (pp. 908-909). IEEE.
  53. Kolsch, M., & Turk, M. (2004, June). Fast 2D hand tracking with flocks of features and multi-cue integration. In 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (pp. 158-158). IEEE.
  54. Lee, H. K., & Kim, J. H. (1999). An HMM-based threshold model approach for gesture recognition. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 21(10), 961-973.
  55. Lee, J., & Kunii, T. L. (1995). Model-based analysis of hand posture. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 15(5), 77-86.
  56. Li, K., Zhou, Z., & Lee, C. H. (2016). Sign transition modeling and a scalable solution to continuous sign language recognition for real-world applications. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), 8(2), 1-23.
  57. Liu, H., Yu, L., Wang, W., & Sun, F. (2016). Extreme learning machine for time sequence classification. Neurocomputing, 174, 322-330.
  58. Mahmood, M. R., Abdulazeez, A. M., & Orman, Z. (2018, October). Dynamic hand gesture recognition system for Kurdish sign language using two lines of features. In 2018 International Conference on Advanced Science and Engineering (ICOASE) (pp. 42-47). IEEE.
  59. Malima, A. K., Özgür, E., & Çetin, M. (2006). A fast algorithm for vision-based hand gesture recognition for robot control.
  60. Mammen, J. P., Chaudhuri, S., & Agrawal, T. (2001, September). Simultaneous Tracking of Both Hands by Estimation of Erroneous Observations. In BMVC (pp. 1-10).
  61. Manigandan, M., & Jackin, I. M. (2010, June). Wireless vision based mobile robot control using hand gesture recognition through perceptual color space. In 2010 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering (pp. 95-99). IEEE.
  62. Marcel, S., Bernier, O., Viallet, J. E., & Collobert, D. (2000, March). Hand gesture recognition using input-output hidden Markov models. In proceedings fourth IEEE International Conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (Cat. No. PR00580) (pp. 456-461). IEEE.
  63. Martin, J., Devin, V., & Crowley, J. L. (1998, April). Active hand tracking. In Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 573-578). IEEE.
  64. McKenna, S. J., Raja, Y., & Gong, S. (1999). Tracking colour objects using adaptive mixture models. Image and vision computing, 17(3-4), 225-231.
  65. Misra, S., & Laskar, R. H. (2019). Development of a hierarchical dynamic keyboard character recognition system using trajectory features and scale-invariant holistic modeling of characters. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(12), 4901-4923.
  66. Mistry, P., Maes, P., & Chang, L. (2009). WUW-wear Ur world: a wearable gestural interface. In CHI'09 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 4111-4116).
  67. Mohammed, A. A., Minhas, R., Wu, Q. J., & Sid-Ahmed, M. A. (2011). Human face recognition based on multidimensional PCA and extreme learning machines. Pattern recognition, 44(10-11), 2588-2597.
  68. Mohd Asaari, M. S., Rosdi, B. A., & Suandi, S. A. (2015). Adaptive Kalman Filter Incorporated Eigenhand (AKFIE) for real-time hand tracking system. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 74, 9231-9257.
  69. Nadgeri, S. M., Sawarkar, S. D., & Gawande, A. D. (2010, November). Hand gesture recognition using CAMSHIFT algorithm. In 2010 3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (pp. 37-41). IEEE.
  70. Ng, C. W., & Ranganath, S. (2002). Real-time gesture recognition system and application. Image and Vision Computing, 20(13-14), 993-1007.
  71. Oka, K., Sato, Y., & Koike, H. (2002). Real-time fingertip tracking and gesture recognition. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 22(6), 64-71.
  72. Panwar, M., & Mehra, P. S. (2011, November). Hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction. In 2011 International Conference on Image Information Processing (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
  73. Pérez, P., Hue, C., Vermaak, J., & Gangnet, M. (2002). Color-based probabilistic tracking. In Computer Vision—ECCV 2002: 7th European Conference on Computer Vision Copenhagen, Denmark, May 28–31, 2002 Proceedings, Part I 7 (pp. 661-675). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  74. Peterfreund, N. (1999). Robust tracking of position and velocity with Kalman snakes. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 21(6), 564-569.
  75. Porikli, F., Tuzel, O., & Meer, P. (2006, June). Covariance tracking using model update based on means on Riemannian manifolds. In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Vol. 1, pp. 728-735).
  76. Premaratne, P., Yang, S., Vial, P., & Ifthikar, Z. (2017). Centroid tracking based dynamic hand gesture recognition using discrete Hidden Markov Models. Neurocomputing, 228, 79-83.
  77. Rabiner, L., & Juang, B. (1986). An introduction to hidden Markov models. IEEE assp magazine, 3(1), 4-16.
  78. Rahman, M. A., Purnama, I. K. E., & Purnomo, M. H. (2014, August). Simple method of human skin detection using HSV and YCbCr color spaces. In 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Agents, Networks and Systems (pp. 58-61). IEEE.
  79. Ramli, S. (2012, July). GMT feature extraction for representation of BIM sign language. In 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (pp. 43-48). IEEE.
  80. Rautaray, S. S. (2012). Real time hand gesture recognition system for dynamic applications. International Journal of ubicomp (IJU), 3(1).
  81. Rautaray, S. S., & Agrawal, A. (2015). Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey. Artificial intelligence review, 43, 1-54.
  82. Rehg, J. M., & Kanade, T. (1994, November). Digiteyes: Vision-based hand tracking for human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of 1994 IEEE workshop on motion of non-rigid and articulated objects (pp. 16-22). IEEE.
  83. Rehg, J. M., & Kanade, T. (1995, June). Model-based tracking of self-occluding articulated objects. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 612-617). IEEE.
  84. Rekha, J., Bhattacharya, J., & Majumder, S. (2011, December). Shape, texture, and local movement hand gesture features for Indian sign language recognition. In 3rd international conference on trends in information sciences & computing (TISC2011) (pp. 30-35). IEEE.
  85. Rubine, D. (1991). Specifying gestures by example. ACM SIGGRAPH computer graphics, 25(4), 329-337.
  86. Saxe, D., & Foulds, R. (1996, September). Toward robust skin identification in video images. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 379-384). IEEE.
  87. Shan, C., Tan, T., & Wei, Y. (2007). Real-time hand tracking using a mean shift embedded particle filter. Pattern recognition, 40(7), 1958-1970.
  88. Shanthakumar, V. A., Peng, C., Hansberger, J., Cao, L., Meacham, S., & Blakely, V. (2020). Design and evaluation of a hand gesture recognition approach for real-time interactions. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79, 17707-17730.
  89. Shi, J. (1994, June). Good features to track. In 1994 Proceedings of IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 593-600). IEEE.
  90. Shimada, N., Shirai, Y., Kuno, Y., & Miura, J. (1998, April). Hand gesture estimation and model refinement using monocular camera-ambiguity limitation by inequality constraints. In Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (pp. 268-273). IEEE.
  91. Siddiqi, S. M., Gordon, G. J., & Moore, A. W. (2007, March). Fast state discovery for HMM model selection and learning. In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (pp. 492-499). PMLR.
  92. Sigal, L., Sclaroff, S., & Athitsos, V. (2004). Skin color-based video segmentation under time-varying illumination. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 26(7), 862-877.
  93. Signer, B., Norrie, M. C., & Kurmann, U. (2011). iGesture: A Java framework for the development and deployment of stoke-based online Gesture recognition algorithms. Technical Report/ETH Zurich, Department of Computer Science, 561.
  94. Singha, J., & Laskar, R. H. (2016). Recognition of global hand gestures using self co-articulation information and classifier fusion. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 10(1), 77-93.
  95. Singha, J., Misra, S., & Laskar, R. H. (2016). Effect of variation in gesticulation pattern in dynamic hand gesture recognition system. Neurocomputing, 208, 269-280.
  96. Singla, A., Roy, P. P., & Dogra, D. P. (2019). Visual rendering of shapes on 2D display devices guided by hand gestures. Displays, 57, 18-33.
  97. Sridevi, P., Islam, T., Debnath, U., Nazia, N. A., Chakraborty, R., & Shahnaz, C. (2018, December). Sign Language recognition for Speech and Hearing Impaired by Image processing in Matlab. In 2018 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC)(pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  98. Suk, H. I., Sin, B. K., & Lee, S. W. (2010). Hand gesture recognition based on dynamic Bayesian network framework. Pattern recognition, 43(9), 3059-3072.
  99. Suykens, J. A., & Vandewalle, J. (1999). Least squares support vector machine classifiers. Neural processing letters, 9, 293-300.
  100. Tang, J., Cheng, H., Zhao, Y., & Guo, H. (2018). Structured dynamic time warping for continuous hand trajectory gesture recognition. Pattern Recognition, 80, 21-31.
  101. Tewari, D., & Srivastava, S. K. (2012). A visual recognition of static hand gestures in Indian sign language based on Kohonen self-organizing map algorithm. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2(2), 165-170.
  102. Thai, L. H., Hai, T. S., & Thuy, N. T. (2012). Image classification using support vector machine and artificial neural network. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science, 4(5), 32-38.
  103. Thirumuruganathan, S. (2010). A detailed introduction to K-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. Retrieved March, 20, 2012.
  104. Tuzel, O., Porikli, F., & Meer, P. (2006). Region covariance: A fast descriptor for detection and classification. In Computer Vision–ECCV 2006: 9th European Conference on Computer Vision, Graz, Austria, May 7-13, 2006. Proceedings, Part II 9 (pp. 589-600).Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  105. Ulas, A., & Yildiz, O. T. (2009, December). An incremental model selection algorithm based on cross-validation for finding the architecture of a hidden Markov model on hand gesture data sets. In 2009 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (pp. 170-177). IEEE.
  106. Utsumi, A., & Ohya, J. (1998, June). Image segmentation for human tracking using sequential-image-based hierarchical adaptation. In Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No. 98CB36231) (pp. 911-916). IEEE.
  107. Utsumi, A., & Ohya, J. (1999, June). Multiple-hand-gesture tracking using multiple cameras. In Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149) (Vol. 1, pp. 473-478). IEEE.
  108. Wang, G. W., Zhang, C., & Zhuang, J. (2012). An application of classifier combination methods in hand gesture recognition. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2012.
  109. Wang, R. Y., & Popović, J. (2009). Real-time hand-tracking with a color glove. ACM transactions on graphics (TOG), 28(3), 1-8.
  110. Wang, X., & Li, X. (2010, December). The study of MovingTarget tracking based on Kalman-CamShift in the video. In The 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  111. Weng, S. K., Kuo, C. M., & Tu, S. K. (2006). Video object tracking using adaptive Kalman filter. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 17(6), 1190-1208.
  112. Wu, X. Y. (2020). A hand gesture recognition algorithm based on DC-CNN. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(13-14), 9193-9205.
  113. Wu, Y., & Huang, T. S. (1999, September). Capturing articulated human hand motion: A divide-and-conquer approach. In Proceedings of the seventh IEEE International Conference on computer vision (Vol. 1, pp. 606-611). IEEE.
  114. Wu, Y., Lin, J. Y., & Huang, T. S. (2001, July). Capturing natural hand articulation. In Proceedings Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. ICCV 2001 (Vol. 2, pp. 426-432). IEEE.
  115. Xiu, C., Su, X., & Pan, X. (2018, June). Improved target tracking algorithm based on Camshift. In 2018 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) (pp. 4449-4454). IEEE.Xu, D., Wu, X., Chen, Y. L., & Xu, Y. (2015). Online dynamic gesture recognition for human robot interaction. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 77(3-4), 583-596.
  116. Yadav, K. S., Misra, S., Khan, T., Bhuyan, M. K., & Laskar, R. H. (2020). Segregation of meaningful strokes, a pre‐requisite for self co‐articulation removal in isolated dynamic gestures. IET Image Processing, 15(5), 1166-1178.
  117. Yang, J., Lu, W., & Waibel, A. (1997). Skin-color modeling and adaptation. In Computer Vision—ACCV'98: Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision Hong Kong, China, January 8–10, 1998 Proceedings, Volume II 3 (pp. 687-694). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  118. Yang, M. H., & Ahuja, N. (1998, June). Extraction and classification of visual motion patterns for hand gesture recognition. In Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No. 98CB36231) (pp. 892-897). IEEE.
  119. Yang, M. H., & Ahuja, N. (1998, October). Detecting human faces in color images. In Proceedings 1998 International Conference on Image Processing. ICIP98 (Cat. No. 98CB36269) (Vol. 1, pp. 127-130). IEEE.
  120. Yang, M. H., Ahuja, N., & Tabb, M. (2002). Extraction of 2D motion trajectories and its application to hand gesture recognition. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 24(8), 1061-1074.
  121. Yang, Q. (2010, June). Chinese sign language recognition based on video sequence appearance modeling. In 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (pp. 1537-1542). IEEE.
  122. Yang, R., & Sarkar, S. (2006, August). Detecting coarticulation in sign language using conditional random fields. In 18th International conference on pattern recognition (ICPR'06) (Vol. 2, pp. 108-112). IEEE.
  123. Yang, W., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Zheng, Y. (2019). Comparative object similarity learning-based robust visual tracking. IEEE Access, 7, 50466-50475.
  124. Yeasin, M., & Chaudhuri, S. (2000). Visual understanding of dynamic hand gestures. Pattern Recognition, 33(11), 1805-1817.
  125. Yoon, H. S., Soh, J., Bae, Y. J., & Yang, H. S. (2001). Hand gesture recognition using combined features of location, angle, and velocity. Pattern recognition, 34(7), 1491-1501.
  126. Yu, C., Wang, X., Huang, H., Shen, J., & Wu, K. (2010, October). Vision-based hand gesture recognition using combinational features. In 2010 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (pp. 543-546). IEEE.
  127. Yu, Y., Bi, S., Mo, Y., & Qiu, W. (2016, June). Real-time gesture recognition system based on Camshift algorithm and Haar-like feature. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in automation, Control, and intelligent systems (CYBER) (pp. 337-342). IEEE.
  128. Yuan, Q., Sclaroff, S., & Athitsos, V. (2005, January). Automatic 2D hand tracking in video sequences. In 2005 Seventh IEEE Workshops on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05)-Volume 1 (Vol. 1, pp. 250-256). IEEE.
  129. Zhang, Q. Y., Zhang, M. Y., & Hu, J. Q. (2009). Hand Gesture Contour Tracking Based on Skin Color Probability and State Estimation Model. Journal of Multimedia, 4(6).
  130. Zheng, W., & Bhandarkar, S. M. (2009). Face detection and tracking using a boosted adaptive particle filter. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 20(1), 9-27.
  131. Zhou, S. K., Chellappa, R., & Moghaddam, B. (2004). Visual tracking and recognition using appearance-adaptive models in particle filters. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(11), 1491-1506.
Share
Back to top
International Journal of Systematic Innovation, Electronic ISSN: 2077-8767 Print ISSN: 2077-7973, Published by AccScience Publishing