Human versus artificial intelligence feedback: A comparative study of teacher-guided ChatGPT and teacher feedback in English as a foreign language writing development
This study was conducted during the 2025–2026 academic year at Tishk International University in Iraq. It aims to compare teacher-guided ChatGPT feedback and teacher feedback on the writing development of architecture students learning English as a foreign language. Students were divided into control and experimental groups, and a seven-week study was conducted with pre- and post-tests administered. During the study, the control group received teacher feedback, while the experimental group received ChatGPT feedback under continuous teacher guidance and pedagogical supervision, rather than unrestricted artificial intelligence use. Analysis of the data revealed that although both groups showed improvement in writing performance, the experimental group’s post-test scores increased significantly more than those of the control group. Additionally, students in the experimental group reported positive perceptions of ChatGPT feedback. In conclusion, ChatGPT, when used under teacher guidance, is an effective tool for supporting students’ writing skills.
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